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Demand response is believed by some to become a major contributor towards system balancing in future electricity networks. Shifting or reducing demand at critical moments can reduce the need for generation capacity, help with the ...
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Demand response is believed by some to become a major contributor towards system balancing in future electricity networks. Shifting or reducing demand at critical moments can reduce the need for generation capacity, help with the integration of renewables, support more efficient system operation and thereby potentially lead to cost and carbon reductions for the entire energy system. In this paper we review the nature of the response resource of consumers from different non-domestic sectors in the UK, based on extensive half hourly demand profiles and observed demand responses. We further explore the potential to increase the demand response capacity through changes in the regulatory and market environment. The analysis suggests that present demand response measures tend to stimulate stand-by generation capacity in preference to load shifting and we propose that extended response times may favour load based demand response, especially in sectors with significant thermal loads.
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In this paper, we propose a new economic dispatch model with random wind power, demand response and carbon tax. The specific feature of the demand response model is that the consumer's electricity demand is divided into two parts:...
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In this paper, we propose a new economic dispatch model with random wind power, demand response and carbon tax. The specific feature of the demand response model is that the consumer's electricity demand is divided into two parts: necessary part and non-essential part. The part of the consumer's participation in the demand response is the non-essential part of the electricity consumption. The optimal dispatch objective is to obtain the minimum total cost (fuel cost, random wind power cost and emission cost) and the maximum consumer's non-essential demand response benefit while satisfying some given constraints. In order to solve the optimal dispatch objective, a multi-subpopulation bat optimization algorithm (MSPBA) is proposed by using different search strategies. Finally, a case of an economic dispatch model is given to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the established mathematical model and proposed algorithm. The economic dispatch model includes three thermal generators, two wind turbines and two consumers. The simulation results show that the proposed model can reduce the consumer's electricity demand, reduce fuel cost and reduce the impact on the environment while considering random wind energy, non-essential demand response and carbon tax. In addition, the superiority of the proposed algorithm is verified by comparing with the optimization results of CPLEX+YALMIP toolbox for MATLAB, BA, DBA and ILSSIWBA.
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This paper attempts to estimate the residential electricity demand function in Seoul. To this end, we collected the data from a survey of households in Seoul and employed the bivariate model to rectify the undesirable impacts of n...
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This paper attempts to estimate the residential electricity demand function in Seoul. To this end, we collected the data from a survey of households in Seoul and employed the bivariate model to rectify the undesirable impacts of non-response data. The results show that the size of family, the size of house, dummy for having a plasma display panel television, dummy for having an air conditioner, and the household's income have positive relationships with the residential electricity demand. On the other hand, electricity price contributes negatively to the residential electricity demand. In addition, the price and income elasticities were estimated as —0.2463 and 0.0593, respectively, implying that residential electricity demand in Seoul is price- and income-inelastic. Such useful information is expected to help policy-makers regulate the residential electricity supply and predict the effect of the price on the residential electricity demand in the future.
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The decarbonisation of electricity systems and the associated increase in variable generation sources requires an increase in power system flexibility. Demand side response (DSR) is widely viewed as a cost-effective source of flex...
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The decarbonisation of electricity systems and the associated increase in variable generation sources requires an increase in power system flexibility. Demand side response (DSR) is widely viewed as a cost-effective source of flexibility, with considerable market potential. To date, the main DSR providers have been energy intensive firms. However, the expectation is that non-energy intensive consumers such as commercial firms and public sector organisations will also provide system flexibility. Despite its DSR potential, commercial and public organisations have received little attention in the literature. This paper helps address this gap by identifying and exploring barriers to the participation of large commercial firms and public sector organisations in DSR through a review of the academic and grey literature on DSR. Drawing on the literature on barriers to energy efficiency, we use concepts from orthodox and behavioural economics, organisational studies and social practice theory to frame our analysis. The article argues that barriers to participation in DSR exist at the level of the organisation and not only the site. For large commercial firms and public sector organisations, the combination of having small individual electricity loads and complex internal decision-making processes can hinder their uptake of DSR. The hidden costs of participation, issues of bounded rationality and what the energy is used for within different organisations also limit the firms' ability to participate in DSR.
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Over the last twenty years, the consumption of natural gas in Korea has increased dramatically. This increase has mainly resulted from the rise of consumption in the residential sector. The main objective of the study is to estima...
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Over the last twenty years, the consumption of natural gas in Korea has increased dramatically. This increase has mainly resulted from the rise of consumption in the residential sector. The main objective of the study is to estimate households' demand function for natural gas by applying a sample selection model using data from a survey of households in Seoul. The results show that there exists a selection bias in the sample and that failure to correct for sample selection bias distorts the mean estimate, of the demand for natural gas, downward by 48.1%. In addition, according to the estimation results, the size of the house, the dummy variable for dwelling in an apartment, the dummy variable for having a bed in an inner room, and the household's income all have positive relationships with the demand for natural gas. On the other hand, the size of the family and the price of gas negatively contribute to the demand for natural gas.
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In this paper, we use data collected from over 2000 non-residential electric vehicle supply equipments (EVSEs) located in Northern California for the year of 2013 to estimate the potential benefits of smart electric vehicle (EV) c...
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In this paper, we use data collected from over 2000 non-residential electric vehicle supply equipments (EVSEs) located in Northern California for the year of 2013 to estimate the potential benefits of smart electric vehicle (EV) charging. We develop a smart charging framework to identify the benefits of non-residential EV charging to the load aggregators and the distribution grid. Using this extensive dataset, we aim to improve upon past studies focusing on the benefits of smart EV charging by relaxing the assumptions made in these studies regarding: (i) driving patterns, driver behavior and driver types; (ii) the scalability of a limited number of simulated vehicles to represent different load aggregation points in the power system with different customer characteristics; and (iii) the charging profile of EVs. First, we study the benefits of EV aggregations behind-the-meter, where a time-of-use pricing schema is used to understand the benefits to the owner when EV aggregations shift load from high cost periods to lower cost periods. For the year of 2013, we show a reduction of up to 24.8% in the monthly bill is possible. Then, following a similar aggregation strategy, we show that EV aggregations decrease their contribution to the system peak load by approximately 37% (median) when charging is controlled within arrival and departure times. Our results also show that it could be expected to shift approximately 0.25 kW h (-2.8%) of energy per non-residential EV charging session from peak periods (12 PM-6 PM) to off-peak periods (after 6 PM) in Northern California for the year of 2013. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Most of the existing seismic codes for RC buildings consider only a scenario earthquake for analysis, often characterized by the response spectrum at the specified location. However, any real earthquake event often involves occurr...
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Most of the existing seismic codes for RC buildings consider only a scenario earthquake for analysis, often characterized by the response spectrum at the specified location. However, any real earthquake event often involves occurrences of multiple earthquakes within a few hours or days, possessing similar or even higher energy than the first earthquake. This critically impairs the rehabilitation measures thereby resulting in the accumulation of structural damages for subsequent earthquakes after the first earthquake. Also, the existing seismic provisions account for the non-linear response of an RC building frame implicitly by specifying a constant response modification factor (R) in a linear elastic design. However, the ?R? specified does not address the changes in structural configurations of RC moment-resisting frames (RC MRFs) viz., building height, number of bays present, bay width, irregularities arising out of mass and stiffness changes, etc. resulting in changed dynamic characteristics of the structural system. Hence, there is an imperative need to assess the seismic performance under sequential earthquake ground motions, considering the adequacy of code-specified ?R? in the representation of dynamic characteristics of RC buildings. Therefore, the present research is focused on the evaluation of the non-linear response of medium-rise 3D RC MRFs with and without vertical irregularities under bi-directional sequential earthquake ground motions using non-linear dynamic analysis. It is evident from the results that collapse probability increases, and 'R' reduces significantly for various RC MRFs subjected to sequential earthquakes, pronouncing the vulnerability and inadequacy of estimation of design base shear by code-specified ?R? under sequential earthquakes.
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The dynamic response of a series of base isolated systems subjected to ground motions that were recorded in firm soils of the Mexican Pacific Coast was estimated in order to evaluate the influence of the structural properties of t...
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The dynamic response of a series of base isolated systems subjected to ground motions that were recorded in firm soils of the Mexican Pacific Coast was estimated in order to evaluate the influence of the structural properties of these systems in their floor acceleration demands. While the super-structures were assumed to remain elastic and to exhibit 2% of critical damping, the isolation systems were assumed to exhibit linear behavior with viscous damping ranging from 10% to 30% of critical damping. The different damping levels assigned to the super-structures and isolation systems were taken into account through a non-classical damping approach. After identifying in general terms the structural properties of the systems that are able to better control their floor acceleration demands, it is concluded that flexible isolation systems with low levels of damping coupled with stiff super-structures result in substantial reductions of the participation of upper modes to the global dynamic response of isolated structures. Within this context, an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system that can be used within an acceleration-based format to conceive base isolation systems is formulated, and implications for its practical use discussed.
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Our research is primarily concerned with the construction of a theoretical model of the competition between demand response aggregators for selling energy previously stored in an aggregation of storage devices (which the aggregato...
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Our research is primarily concerned with the construction of a theoretical model of the competition between demand response aggregators for selling energy previously stored in an aggregation of storage devices (which the aggregator manages) given sufficient demand from other aggregators through an incomplete information game. The model culminates in a game-theoretically justifiable decision making procedure for the sellers which may be used to predict and analyze the bids made for energy sale in the market. The methodology for applying the model is worked out in detail for a three-aggregator case where two players compete with each other for sale to a third. Relevant numerical data for the competition is taken from a real case study which took place on the island of Maui, Hawaii. This market framework is presented as an alternative to the traditional vertically-integrated market structure, which may be better suited for developing demand response and smart grid technologies. We consider two noncooperative game variants with different market conditions: one competition with no limitation, and one a Stackelberg competition subject to limitations on transaction price and size, each separately with and without inclusion of demand response scheduling (we focus on significant load-bearing thermostatic storage devices such as water heaters, though the principles should be applied generally). Determining the optimal bidding strategies follow the same procedure, and the equilibrium bidding strategies of all others are determined by each player in each case and demonstrates the wide applicability of our methods in each case. Bidding strategy is dependent on parameters inherent to an aggregator's energy storage hardware. Demand response scheduling offers greater payoff for aggregators who implement it, compared with those who do not. Addition of transaction price and power quantity regulations to the market lowers payoffs for all aggregators participating in the market relative to competition with no limitation. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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